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/ Guides & Help / Citing Sources / APA Style

APA Style

APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the health and social sciences disciplines. The following examples use APA 7th edition. (Citation tools in library databases may not use the 7th edition.)

In-Text Citations

An in-text citation is a brief mention within the body of your paper that leads the reader to the complete information about that reference. It usually appears at the end of a sentence. In-text citations include the author of the source (often in a signal phrase), the year of publication, and if it is a direct quote, the page number in parentheses.

Examples

Yanovski and Yanovski (2002) reported that “the current state of the treatment for obesity is similar to the state of the treatment of hypertension several decades ago” (p. 600).

OR

Obesity treatments are not being taken seriously and it resembles the way people viewed hypertension many years ago (Yanovski & Yanovski, 2002).

OR

Yanovski and Yanovski (2002) found that obesity treatments are not being taken seriously.

Reference List

Every APA paper must include a list of references. References are listed in alphabetical order, using the author’s last name (if there are multiple authors, follow the order provided in the source). Each reference citation will include the author’s name, date of publication, title, publisher, and DOI or direct-link URL if accessed online.

Interactive Example

Move your mouse over the different parts of the citation to see what they represent:

Eskritt, M. & McLeod, K. (2008). Children’s note taking as a mnemonic tool. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 31 (1), 77-85. https://doi:10.1016/jecp.2008.05.007.

More Citation Examples

Articles

Journal, newspaper, and magazine articles accessed online

Eskritt, M. & McLeod. K. (2008). Children’s note taking as a mnemonic tool. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 101, 52-74. https://10.1016/jecp.2008.05.007

  If no DOI (digital object identifier) or direct-link can be found, follow the format for a print article.  If you access a resource from a library database, APA no longer requires the URL or name of the database. However, if your instructor requires a URL, please use the permalink.

Print articles

Smith, J. A. (2010). Student search strategies. College Research Quarterly, 79(23), 42-49. 

Books & eBooks
For most books, include the author’s name, year of publication, the title, name of publisher, and if accessed online, the book’s DOI or direct-link url if there is one. eBooks from a library database do not need to include the url unless your instructor requires it. 

Jones, R. A. (2011). Children in the schoolyard. Harper Collins. 

If there is no author, begin the entry with the work’s title: 

New concise world atlas. (2007). Oxford University Press. 

Websites

Smith, N. (2010). Obesity and children. Let’s Move. https://letsmove.obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ 

You may need to use an organization as the author. Check this chart from APA for details on how to cite a web resource when information is missing. 

Ben & Jerry’s. (n.d.). Our history. http://www.benjerry.com/company/history 

Videos

YouTube Video

Jones, S. (2012, September 11). Technology rules [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/oXWMjJj_fUU 

Video from a Library Database

Medcom (Producer). (2011). Normal heart sounds [Streaming video]. Nursing in Education Video database.

DVD

Guggenheim, D. (Director), & Bender, L. (Producer). (2006). An inconvenient truth [DVD]. United States: Paramount Home Entertainment.

Images

Image Posted Online

Wolff, M (2010, November 15). Mussels in a creamy garlic sauce [Photograph]. http://www.whatsforlunchhoney.net

Map, chart or illustration

Ukraine [Map]. (2008). University of Texas at Austin Perry-Castaneda, Library Map Collection. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/cia08/ukraine_sm_2008.gif

APA Formatting Resources

Citation & Writing Help

Vermont Tech students can get writing help through the Center for Academic Success. CCV students can get help with citation and paper writing through Tutor.com – On-Demand Tutoring (within your Canvas courses) or at a local Learning Center.